INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
International Journal of Science and Technology is a weekly international peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal. An international interdisciplinary journal publishes articles on various disciplines. We invite authors to submit original research papers to the current issue of our journal. The journal is indexed in authoritative international databases. Working with a team of editors and reviewers around the world to maintain the quality of published articles.
BIOLOGIYA FANLARINI O‘QITISHDA INTERFAOL METODLARDAN FOYDALANISH
Ushbu maqolada biologiya fanini o‘qitish jarayonida interfaol metodlardan foydalanishning ahamiyati, samaradorligi va o‘quvchilarning bilim darajasini oshirishdagi roli tahlil qilinadi. Zamonaviy ta’lim jarayonida o‘quvchilarni faollikka undaydigan, mustaqil fikrlashini rivojlantiradigan pedagogik metodlar muhim hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot davomida biologiya darslarida qo‘llaniladigan “Aqliy hujum”, “Klaster”, “Insert”, “Baliq skeleti”, “Munozara” kabi interfaol metodlarning o‘quv jarayoniga ta’siri o‘rganildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, interfaol metodlardan foydalanish o‘quvchilarning darsga qiziqishini oshiradi, bilimlarni mustahkamlashga yordam beradi hamda mustaqil fikrlash ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantiradi.
biologiya ta’limi, interfaol metodlar, ta’lim samaradorligi, innovatsion pedagogika, o‘quv faoliyati, ta’lim texnologiyalari.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
АНАЛИЗ ОБРАЗОВ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ Т.ТОЛСТОЙ «КЫСЬ»
В статье рассматриваются особенности антиутопического жанра в романе Кысь. Анализируется художественный мир произведения, сочетающий черты постмодернистской антиутопии, научной фантастики и элементов русского фольклора. Особое внимание уделяется системе персонажей и образу главного героя Бенедикта, в котором соединяются человеческое и животное начала. Исследуется символическое значение книги как утраченной духовной культуры и средства поиска внутренней гармонии в постапокалиптическом обществе. Делается вывод о том, что роман раскрывает проблему деградации духовности и утверждает идею нравственной ответственности человека в условиях разрушенного мира.
антиутопия, постмодернизм, система персонажей, духовность, символ книги, постапокалиптическое общество, образ героя, Бенедикт, Татьяна Толстая, Кысь.
ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ АРХЕТИПА ГЕРОЯ: ОТ МИФОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО К ПОСТМОДЕРНИСТКОМУ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РОМАНА В. ПЕЛЕВИНА «СВЯЩЕННАЯ КНИГА ОБОРОТНЯ»
В статье рассматривается эволюция архетипа героя: от мифологического к постмодернисткой фигуре в литературе на материале произведения русского постмодерниста В. Пелевина «Священная книга оборотня». Автор исследования опирается на мифокритический и сравнительно-типологический методы. В. Пелевин в своем тексте переосмысливает классический архетип героя: персонаж существует в пространстве симулякров, а миф используется как игровой и пародийный код. Путём использования сопоставительного анализа была прослежена динамика кризиса классического архетипа героя и выявлены национально-специфические особенности его творческая интерпретация в русской литературе.
архетип, коллективное бессознательное, анима, анимус, персона, тень, мономиф, постмодернизм, праобраз.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ И УСТАНОВКА ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО ПАРАМЕТРОВ ПРИ ВЫЩЕЛАЧИВАНИЕ СВИНЦОВО-ВИСМУТОВОГО ШЛАМА С ХЛОРИСТОМ НАТРИЯМ
в статье исследована возможность переработки свинцово-висмутовых шламов, образующихся в процессе очистки газов медеплавильного производства. Рассмотрены существующие методы переработки свинецсодержащих техногенных отходов и предложена гидрометаллургическая технология их переработки методом хлоридного выщелачивания. Процесс основан на растворении соединений свинца в растворе хлорида натрия в присутствии избыточного хлора при повышенной температуре. В ходе лабораторных исследований изучено влияние концентрации хлорида натрия и температуры на степень извлечения металлов. Установлено, что при оптимальных условиях выщелачивания достигается эффективное разделение свинца и благородных металлов. Извлечение золота и серебра в твердый остаток (кек) составляет 98,9 % и 93,5 % соответственно, а извлечение свинца в раствор достигает 83 %. Предложенная технология позволяет повысить эффективность переработки техногенных отходов медеплавильного производства и обеспечить более рациональное использование минеральных ресурсов.
свинцово-висмутовый шлам, хлоридное выщелачивание, хлорид натрия, свинец, золото, серебро, техногенные отходы, извлечение металлов, медеплавильное производство.
“WAYS OF DEVELOPING SCHOOL LEARNERS ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPETENCIES THROUGH SMART TECHNOLOGIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF CHIMBAY REGION)”
The integration of Smart technologies into the educational process has become an essential factor in improving the quality of English language teaching in secondary schools. This study examines effective ways of developing school learners’ English language competencies through the use of Smart technologies, focusing on the experience of secondary schools in the Chimbay region. The paper analyzes the role of digital tools, interactive platforms, and Smart devices in enhancing learners’ communicative, linguistic, and digital competencies. Practical examples demonstrate how Smart technologies increase learners’ motivation, autonomy, and engagement in English lessons. The results indicate that the systematic use of Smart technologies contributes to improved learning outcomes and more student-centered instruction.
English language competencies, Smart technologies, secondary education, digital learning, communicative competence
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS: CHALLENGES, ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Climate change is one of the most serious global challenges, significantly affecting various economic sectors, including tourism. Tourist destinations are particularly vulnerable to climate-related issues such as rising temperatures, extreme weather events, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. These factors influence tourism demand, destination competitiveness, infrastructure sustainability, and the well-being of local communities. This study examines the relationship between climate change and the sustainable development of tourist destinations. It analyzes how environmental changes impact tourism systems and explores adaptation and mitigation strategies to support long-term sustainability. The research highlights the importance of climate resilience, effective environmental management, digital innovation, and green policy integration in tourism planning. The findings suggest that sustainable tourism development requires a transition toward low-carbon models, nature-based solutions, and diversified tourism products, supported by climate-aware governance. Strengthening the adaptive capacity of destinations is essential to ensure long-term competitiveness and stability. Additionally, the study provides a comparative analysis of tourism destinations in the Maldives, Switzerland, and Australia, demonstrating how different environmental conditions create varying levels of vulnerability and emphasising the need for targeted adaptive strategies.
Climate change, sustainable tourism, tourist destinations, climate adaptation, environmental resilience, green tourism, low-carbon development, tourism sustainability.
TIBBIYOTDA YURAKNING O‘RNI, VAZIFASI VA YURAKDAN KELIB CHIQADIGAN KASALLIKLAR TAHLILI
Mazkur maqolada yurakning inson organizmidagi o‘rni, anatomik va fiziologik xususiyatlari, gemodinamik jarayonlardagi roli hamda yurak faoliyatining buzilishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan kasalliklar keng yoritilgan. Yurak qon aylanish tizimining markaziy a’zosi bo‘lib, organizm to‘qimalariga kislorod va oziq moddalarni yetkazib berish, moddalar almashinuvi mahsulotlarini chiqarib tashlashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Maqolada yurakning anatomik tuzilishi, uning qismlari, klapanlari, o‘tkazuvchi tizimi va qon aylanish doiralari haqida ma’lumot beriladi. Shuningdek, ishemik yurak kasalligi, miokard infarkti, gipertoniya, yurak yetishmovchiligi, aritmiyalar, tug‘ma va orttirilgan yurak nuqsonlari kabi kasalliklar etiologiyasi, patogenezi, klinik belgilari, diagnostikasi va davolash tamoyillari tahlil qilinadi. Profilaktika choralariga ham alohida e’tibor qaratilgan.
Yurak, miokard, gemodinamika, qon aylanish tizimi, ishemik yurak kasalligi, miokard infarkti, arterial gipertoniya, yurak yetishmovchiligi, aritmiya, tug‘ma yurak nuqsoni, profilaktika.
Jaloliddin Habibullayev Kamoliddin o’g’li
LINGUOPOETIC FEATURES OF THE IMAGE OF TIMURID PRINCESSES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LITERARY
This article examines the linguistic representation of Timurid princesses in English and Uzbek literature. The research focuses on the stylistic and linguistic means used to construct the image of royal women connected with the Timurid historical context. Special attention is given to the literary portrayal of female characters such as Zenocrate in Christopher Marlowe’s tragedy Tamburlaine the Great. Comparative, linguopoetic, and discourse analysis methods are applied in the study. The results show that both English and Uzbek literary traditions use epithets, metaphors, and descriptive imagery to portray royal female characters. However, Uzbek literature emphasizes moral and cultural qualities, while English literary texts often highlight beauty, emotional expression, and political symbolism. The study contributes to comparative literary linguistics and the understanding of historical female images in literature.
Timurid princesses, Zenocrate, linguopoetics, comparative literature, literary discourse.
SO‘Z O‘ZLASHTIRISH PSIXOLINGVISTIK MUAMMO SIFATIDA
So‘z o‘zlashtirish psixolingvistikaning markaziy muammolaridan biri hisoblanadi, chunki lug‘at boyligi tilni tushunish va nutqni hosil qilishning asosini tashkil etadi. Ushbu maqolada so‘z o‘zlashtirish psixolingvistik muammo sifatida ko‘rib chiqilib, ona tili (L1) hamda ikkinchi yoki xorijiy til (L2) sharoitida so‘zlarni o‘rganishda ishtirok etuvchi kognitiv, lingvistik va psixologik mexanizmlar tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada so‘z o‘zlashtirishga oid nazariy yondashuvlar, leksik birliklarning ongdagi (mental) ifodalanishi, shuningdek, lug‘at boyligini rivojlantirishda xotira, idrok va kontekstning o‘rni yoritiladi. So‘z o‘zlashtirish jarayonini psixolingvistik nuqtayi nazardan tushunish til o‘qitish metodikalarini takomillashtirish hamda inson tilni qayta ishlash mexanizmlarini chuqurroq anglashga xizmat qiladi.
so‘z o‘zlashtirish, psixolingvistika, lug‘at o‘rganish, mental leksikon, ikkinchi tilni o‘zlashtirish
UMUMIY O‘RTA TA’LIM MAKTABLARIDA IJTIMOIY KO‘NIKMALARNI SHAKLLANTIRISH HAMDA RIVOJLANTIRISHDA HAMKORLIKDAGI TA’LIMNING AHAMIYATI
Ushbu maqolada o‘quvchilarning ijtimoiy ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishda hamkorlikdagi ta’limni ta’lim jarayonida samarali tashkil etish metodikasi, uning asosiy tamoyillari va amaliy qo‘llash usullari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, hamkorlikdagi ta’lim o‘quvchilarda muloqot madaniyati, mas’uliyat, jamoada ishlash, o‘zaro yordam kabi muhim ijtimoiy ko‘nikmalarni rivojlantirishga xizmat qiladi.
hamkorlikdagi ta’lim, ijtimoiy ko‘nikmalar, kommunikativ kompetensiya, jamoaviy faoliyat, o‘quv jarayoni, pedagogik texnologiya
ARXITEKTURA YODGORLIKLARI BILAN INTEGRATSIYALASHGAN ZAMONAVIY TURISTIK MARKAZLAR LOYIHAVIY TAKLIFLARI
Ushbu ilmiy maqolada arxitektura yodgorliklari joylashgan hududlarda zamonaviy turistik markazlarni loyihalash masalalari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot davomida tarixiy muhitni saqlab qolish, zamonaviy funksional ehtiyojlarni qondirish va me’moriy uyg‘unlikni ta’minlashga qaratilgan loyihaviy yondashuvlar tahlil qilindi. Arxitektura yodgorliklari bilan integratsiyalashgan turistik markazlar shahar infratuzilmasining muhim qismi sifatida baholanib, ularning hajmiy-makoniy, funksional va estetik yechimlari o‘rganildi. Tadqiqot natijalari tarixiy hududlarda turistik infratuzilmani rivojlantirish bo‘yicha ilmiy-amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqishga xizmat qiladi.
arxitektura yodgorliklari, turizm, integratsiya, loyihalash, madaniy meros.
TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L (Dorivor shambalila) O‘SIMLIGINI O‘ZBEKISTON IQLIM SHAROITLARIDA YETISHTIRISH AGRATEXNIKASI.
Hozirgi kunda dorivor o‘simliklarga bo‘lgan talab va ularni yetishtirish texnologiyasiga qaratilgan qator chora tadbirlar soni oshib bormoqda.Bundan tashaqar mamlakatimiz florasini boyitgan holda yangi dorivor va ozuqabop o‘simliklarni yetishtirish, hamda yangi tur dorivor o‘simliklarni yetishtirish mobaynida ularni O‘zbekiston iqlim sharoitlariga moslashtirish, ularni yetishtirishda qulay agratexnologik muhit yaratish ham dolzarb masalalardan biri hisoblanadi.
dorivor o‘simliklar, agratexnika, mola bosish, qaror oralab ekish, biomassa, qayta ishlash, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., dorivorlik, ozuqaboplik xususiyatlari, ekish texnologiyalari, o‘g‘itlash, hosil yig‘ish.
KOMMUNIKATIV YONDASHUV ASOSIDA BO‘LAJAK INGLIZ TILI O‘QITUVCHILARINING LINGVISTIK KOMPETENSIYASINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH USULLARI.
Mazkur maqolada kommunikativ yondashuv asosida bo‘lajak ingliz tili o‘qituvchilarining lingvistik kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish masalasi tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda lingvistik kompetensiyaning grammatik, leksik va fonetik komponentlarini kommunikativ vazifalar hamda interaktiv metodlar orqali takomillashtirish yo‘llari o‘rganildi. Natijalar kommunikativ metodlar lingvistik kompetensiya darajasini sezilarli oshirishini ko‘rsatdi.
kommunikativ yondashuv, lingvistik kompetensiya, kommunikativ kompetensiya, interaktiv metodlar, ingliz tili o‘qitish metodikasi.
A PLANET IN PERIL: THE IMPERATIVE OF ADDRESSING ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CAUSES, IMPACTS, MITIGATION STRATEGIES, AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION
Climate change represents one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century, driven predominantly by human activities since the Industrial Revolution. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed literature, IPCC reports, and authoritative datasets (Copernicus Climate Change Service and Our World in Data) to examine the causes, observed and projected impacts, and viable mitigation pathways. Drawing on data up to 2025, the analysis confirms that 2025 ranked as the third-warmest year on record globally (+0.59°C above the 1991–2020 baseline and +1.47°C above pre-industrial levels), with extreme anomalies in polar regions. Natural factors such as volcanic activity and solar variability play minor roles compared to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts span ecosystems, agriculture, infrastructure, and human health, with regional variations evident in prolonged fire seasons, droughts, and sea-level rise. Public perception studies reveal widespread concern (often exceeding 70–86% across countries) yet a persistent “perception gap” where individuals underestimate others’ willingness to act. Mitigation through renewable energy transitions and policy support emerges as essential, though adaptation and limited geoengineering options warrant cautious consideration. The review underscores the urgency of rapid emissions reductions to limit warming and highlights gaps in behavioral and regional research. Findings are intended to inform policymakers and scholars alike in advancing evidence-based responses.
Anthropogenic climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, temperature anomalies, climate impacts, renewable energy mitigation, public perception, systematic review
A HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR CONTEXT-AWARE AUDITING IN EVENT-DRIVEN MICROSERVICE ARCHITECTURES
In distributed microservice architectures, maintaining a consistent and domain-aware audit trail is challenged by database isolation and the trade-offs between context capture and system performance. This paper proposes a hybrid auditing framework that integrates Hibernate event listeners with an Apache Kafka-based asynchronous transport layer. By capturing change events at the application layer, the system preserves critical domain context—such as user identity and localized field labels—while ensuring horizontal scalability and non-blocking performance. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that the framework handles 50,000 events per minute with sub-500ms latency, offering a production-ready solution for high-integrity enterprise environments. The framework was successfully validated through a real-world deployment in a utility billing system, where it processed over 125,000 change events with 100% correctness.
Microservices, Database Auditing, Apache Kafka, Hibernate, Event-Driven Architecture, Observability.
THE PEDAGOGICAL POTENTIAL OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING AND AI-BASED AUTOMATED ANALYSIS SYSTEMS FOR DEVELOPING LOGICAL THINKING IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
In the context of digitalization of education and the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the problem of developing students’ logical and analytical thinking becomes particularly important. Modern mathematics education requires not only mastery of algorithmic skills but also the ability to reason, argue, and find solutions independently. The application of AI technologies in mathematics education makes it possible to reorganize the learning process - to make it adaptive, interactive, and oriented toward the cognitive characteristics of students. AI tools such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), Computerized Dynamic Assessment (CDA), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and chatbots provide new forms of interactive engagement, analytical observation, and reflective learning. Therefore, the relevance of this study lies in the need for a scientific and methodological understanding of the role of AI technologies in developing logical thinking during mathematics education and in justifying the pedagogical conditions for their effective use in a digital learning environment.
artificial intelligence, logical thinking, mathematics education, intelligent tutoring systems, automated evaluation, natural language processing, AI chatbot, reflective learning.
DIDAKTIK O‘YINLAR ASOSIDA BOSHLANG‘ICH SINFLARDA ONA TILI DARSLARINING SAMARADORLIGINI OSHIRISH
Mazkur maqolada boshlang‘ich sinflarda ona tili darslari samaradorligini oshirishda didaktik o‘yinlardan foydalanishning pedagogik ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda o‘yin texnologiyalarining o‘quvchilarning nutqiy faolligi, mustaqil fikrlashi hamda til ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Didaktik o‘yinlar dars jarayoniga integratsiya qilinganda o‘quvchilarni faol ishtirok etishga undashi, ularning motivatsiyasini kuchaytirishi hamda o‘quv materialini oson va samarali o‘zlashtirishga xizmat qilishi ilmiy asosda izohlanadi. Maqolada didaktik o‘yinlar asosida tashkil etilgan darslarning metodik jihatlari, ularni tanlash mezonlari va amaliy qo‘llash mexanizmlari tahlil etilgan. Natijada, o‘yin texnologiyalariga tayangan ta’lim jarayoni boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining o‘quv faoliyatini faollashtirishi hamda ona tili fanini o‘qitish samaradorligini oshirishga xizmat qilishi asoslab beriladi.
didaktik o‘yin, boshlang‘ich ta’lim, ona tili darsi, innovatsion pedagogik texnologiyalar, interaktiv metodlar, nutq rivoji, kommunikativ kompetensiya, o‘quv motivatsiyasi, ta’lim samaradorligi, pedagogik yondashuv.
DEVELOPING A PROGRAM FOR EVALUATING THE ACTIVITIES OF PROFESSORS AND TEACHERS IN CLASS LESSONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH AND CULTURAL ADAPTATION ISSUES
This article analyzes the methodological foundations for developing a program to evaluate the activities of professors and teachers during class lessons in higher education institutions. In recent years, serious discussions have been ongoing internationally regarding the reliability, validity, and cultural appropriateness of Student Evaluations of Teaching (SET) systems. Research has identified shortcomings of traditional assessment tools, such as biases related to demographic factors, excessive focus on student satisfaction, and failure to fully reflect teaching effectiveness. Synthesizing advanced research conducted in Thailand, Ecuador, the USA, Indonesia, and other countries, the article elucidates a seven-stage process of cultural adaptation of assessment tools, psychometric testing methods, and practical application mechanisms. Furthermore, through a comparative analysis of assessment approaches in Eastern and Western universities, practical recommendations have been developed for creating an adapted assessment program for the higher education system of Uzbekistan.
teacher performance evaluation, student evaluation of teaching, cultural adaptation, validation, SET instruments, higher education, psychometric properties, IMRAD, evaluation program, S-IMPACT, SEEQ.
METALLOKSID YUPQA PLYONKALAR ASOSIDA METALL-DIELEKTRIK - YARIMOʻTKAZGICH TUZILMALAR TAYYORLASH VA ULARNING FIZIK XOSSALARI
Mazkur maqolada metalloksid yupqa plyonkalar asosida metall–dielektrik–yarimo‘tkazgich (MDY) tuzilmalarni tayyorlash texnologiyalari hamda ularning fizik xossalarini tadqiq etish masalalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Hozirgi kunda mikroelektronika, optoelektronika va nanoteknologiya sohalarining jadal rivojlanishi yuqori sifatli yupqa plyonkali materiallar va ular asosida yaratiladigan ko‘p qatlamli tuzilmalarga bo‘lgan talabni keskin oshirmoqda. Ayniqsa, metalloksid asosidagi yupqa plyonkalar yuqori dielektrik doimiysi, termik barqarorligi, kimyoviy mustahkamligi hamda elektr xossalarining keng diapazonda boshqarilishi mumkinligi bilan ilmiy va amaliy jihatdan katta qiziqish uyg‘otmoqda.Tadqiqotda metall–dielektrik–yarimo‘tkazgich tuzilmalarning shakllanish jarayoni, ularni tayyorlashda qo‘llaniladigan zamonaviy texnologiyalar hamda plyonkaning strukturaviy, morfologik va elektr xossalariga ta’sir etuvchi omillar tahlil qilinadi. Metalloksid yupqa plyonkalarni hosil qilishda atom qatlamli cho‘ktirish, kimyoviy bug‘ fazasida cho‘ktirish, sol-gel texnologiyasi, termik oksidlanish va boshqa fizik-kimyoviy usullar keng qo‘llanilishi mumkinligi ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi. Ushbu usullar orqali olingan plyonkalar qalinligi nanometr darajasida bo‘lib, ular yuqori bir xillik, sirt tekisligi va yaxshi kristall tuzilishga ega bo‘lishi mumkin.
Metalloksid yupqa plyonkalar, metall–dielektrik–yarimo‘tkazgich tuzilmalari, MDY strukturalar, yupqa plyonka texnologiyasi, atom qatlamli cho‘ktirish (ALD), kimyoviy bug‘ fazasida cho‘ktirish (CVD), sol–gel texnologiyasi, termik oksidlanish, nanostrukturalar, yarimo‘tkazgich materiallar, dielektrik materiallar, kristall tuzilish, sirt morfologiyasi, elektr xossalari, fizik xossalar, qalinligi nanometr darajasidagi plyonkalar, epitaksiya, yarimo‘tkazgich qurilmalar, mikroelektronika, nanoelektronika, optoelektronika, ko‘p qatlamli tuzilmalar, zaryad tashuvchilar konsentratsiyasi, elektr o‘tkazuvchanlik, dielektrik doimiysi.
ANALYSIS OF GENERATIVE MODELS IN AUTOMATED FORMATION OF CORPORATE LETTER TEMPLATES FOR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
The rapid development of artificial intelligence and natural language processing technologies has opened new opportunities for automating document workflows in educational institutions. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of five prominent generative language models - GPT-4, GPT-3.5-Turbo, T5-Large, BERT (fine-tuned), and BLOOM-7B - evaluated on their capacity to generate high-quality corporate letter templates in educational systems. Experiments were conducted on a corpus of 200 authentic institutional letters from Uzbek higher education institutions spanning five letter types. Model performance is assessed using BLEU, ROUGE-L, and F1 metrics alongside a structured human evaluation framework covering fluency, formality, and structural accuracy. Results demonstrate that instruction-tuned large language models significantly outperform encoder-based and smaller generative models, with GPT-4 achieving a BLEU score of 42.3 and a human approval rate of 87%. The study further investigates the impact of prompt engineering strategies, showing that structured few-shot prompts improve GPT-4 performance to a BLEU score of 44.8. Findings provide actionable guidelines for educational institutions considering the deployment of generative AI for administrative document automation.
generative models, corporate letter templates, educational systems, natural language processing, GPT-4, T5, BERT, BLOOM, automated document generation, prompt engineering, BLEU, ROUGE
SINXRON TARJIMON ETIKASI, AXLOQIY MAJBURIYATLARI VA MAXFIYLIK
Ushbu maqolada sinxron tarjimon faoliyatida professional etika va axloqiy majburiyatlarning tutgan o‘rni hamda ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot jarayonida sinxron tarjimaning kognitiv va kommunikativ xususiyatlari, xolislik, betaraflik va maxfiylik tamoyillarining xalqaro muloqot samaradorligiga ta’siri yoritilgan. Maqolada L. Venutining “tarjimonning ko‘rinmasligi” konsepsiyasi va G. Odilovaning ijtimoiy mas’uliyat borasidagi qarashlari sintez qilinib, tarjimadagi etik og‘ishlarning fojiali oqibatlari tarixiy misollar (Xrushchev nutqi, “Mokusatsu” voqeasi) yordamida asoslangan. Shuningdek, AIIC va FIT kabi xalqaro tashkilotlarning standartlari asosida professional rivojlanishning etik jihatlari muhokama qilingan. Yakunda tarjimonlar tayyorlash tizimiga etika modullarini kiritish bo‘yicha amaliy takliflar berilgan.
sinxron tarjima, tarjimon etikasi, maxfiylik, betaraflik, kasbiy mas’uliyat, xalqaro kommunikatsiya, L. Venuti, axloqiy dilemma.
APPLICATION OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE IN FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ACCOUNTING IN UZBEKISTAN BASED ON IFRS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The modernization of accounting systems and the implementation of internationally recognized financial reporting standards have become essential components of economic reforms in many developing countries. Uzbekistan has recently introduced several initiatives aimed at aligning its accounting practices with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in order to enhance financial transparency and improve the investment climate. At the same time, rapid technological progress has created new opportunities for improving accounting processes through digital tools and artificial intelligence. European countries have accumulated considerable experience in implementing IFRS and integrating modern technologies into accounting systems. The purpose of this research is to examine the experience of European countries in the preparation of financial statements according to IFRS and to analyze the potential role of artificial intelligence in improving accounting practices in Uzbekistan. The study uses comparative and analytical methods to evaluate institutional frameworks, technological developments, and regulatory approaches related to financial reporting. The results demonstrate that the combination of international accounting standards and advanced digital technologies can significantly increase the efficiency and reliability of financial reporting systems. The study also provides recommendations for strengthening the accounting infrastructure in Uzbekistan through technological modernization and professional development.
IFRS, financial reporting, artificial intelligence, accounting modernization, European experience, Uzbekistan
ABIOTIK OMILLARGA CHIDAMLI GILOS PAYVANDTAGLARINI MIKROKLONAL KO‘PAYTIRISHNING AMALIY AHAMIYATI
Mazkur maqolada abiotik omillarga chidamli gilos payvandtaglarini mikroklonal ko‘paytirishning metodik jihatlari va amaliy ahamiyati yoritilgan. Tadqiqotda explantlarning sifatini ta’minlash, gormonal balans va nutrient muhitini optimallashtirish orqali klonlarning vegetativ rivojlanishi va barqarorligini oshirish, shuningdek, abiotik stress omillariga chidamliligini ta’minlash imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Natijalar mikroklonal ko‘paytirish texnologiyasining selektsiyada, meva hosildorligi va sifatini yaxshilashda samaradorligini ko‘rsatadi.
Mikroklonal ko‘paytirish, gilos payvandtagi, abiotik stress, klon, vegetativ rivojlanish, gormonal balans, selektsiya.
EKOLOGIK MUAMMOLAR VA ULARNING IQTISODIYOTGA TA’SIRI: GLOBAL TAHLIL VA MILLIY STRATEGIYALAR
Ushbu maqolada global ekologik muammolarning iqtisodiyotga ko’rsatayotgan bevosita va bilvosita ta’sirlari tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot doirasida BMT, Jahon banki va xalqaro ilmiy tashkilotlarning so’nggi hisobotlariga asoslangan holda, atrof-muhit degradatsiyasining iqtisodiy o’sish, xalqaro savdo, turizm va aholi farovonligiga ta’siri miqdoriy jihatdan baholangan. Xususan, tabiatni muhofaza qilishga yo’naltirilgan mablag’lar uning buzilishiga sarflanayotgan investitsiyalarning atigi 3 foizini tashkil etishi, okean ekotizimlarining zararlanishi iqlim o’zgarishidan ko’riladigan iqtisodiy zararni deyarli ikki baravarga oshirishi, chiqindilarni noto’g’ri boshqarish esa ayrim mintaqalarda yillik 7 milliard dollardan ortiq zarar keltirishi aniqlangan. Shuningdek, “yashil iqtisodiyot”ga o’tish bo’yicha O’zbekiston Respublikasining “O’zbekiston-2030” strategiyasi doirasida amalga oshirayotgan islohotlari va ularning istiqbollari yoritilgan. Maqolada ekologik muammolarni bartaraf etmasdan turib, barqaror iqtisodiy o’sishga erishish mumkin emasligi ilmiy asoslangan.
ekologik degradatsiya, yashil iqtisodiyot, iqlim o’zgarishi, uglerod emissiyasi, chiqindilarni boshqarish, Orol dengizi, barqaror rivojlanish, ekologik investitsiyalar, uglerod izi, dekarbonizatsiya.
O‘ZBEK PEDAGOGIK DISKURSIDA ANGLISIZMLARNING LINGVODIDAKTIK POTENSIALI: TA’LIM JARAYONIGA EMPIRIK TA’SIRI (O‘ZBEKISTON OLIY TA’LIMI MISOLIDA)
Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek pedagogik diskursida anglisizmlarning lingvodidaktik potensiali hamda ularning ta’lim jarayoniga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. O‘zbekiston oliy ta’lim muassasalari misolida ingliz tilidan kirib kelgan termin va birliklarning o‘quv jarayonidagi qo‘llanishi, ularning talabalarning til kompetensiyasi hamda kasbiy kommunikatsiyasiga ta’siri empirik tadqiqot asosida o‘rganilgan.
anglisizm, pedagogik diskurs, lingvodidaktika, oliy ta’lim, terminologiya, til kompetensiyasi, globalizatsiya.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT SUBJECT RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM BASED ON BIG DATA
The increasing volume and complexity of educational data necessitate sophisticated approaches for personalized learning and academic guidance <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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">[1]. Specifically, the application of big data analytics and machine learning techniques offers a robust framework for developing intelligent recommendation systems that can effectively steer students toward suitable academic paths <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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">[2]. Such systems leverage diverse datasets, including academic performance metrics, demographic information, and socioeconomic indicators, to construct predictive models that forecast student success and inform optimal subject selection [3]. This proactive approach mitigates student attrition by enabling timely interventions and tailoring educational experiences to individual needs <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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">[4]. The integration of such sophisticated systems not only enhances student retention rates but also optimizes educational efficacy by providing data-driven insights into pedagogical strategies and curriculum development <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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">[5]. These models often undergo rigorous data preprocessing, including cleaning, scaling, oversampling, and feature selection, to ensure unbiased and generalized outcomes <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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">[6]. This comprehensive data preparation is crucial for maximizing the predictive accuracy score of the recommendation engine, ensuring that the system can discern subtle patterns within student profiles to optimize subject alignment with their aptitudes and aspirations <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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">[7]. Furthermore, the incorporation of fairness-aware predictive frameworks is crucial to mitigate bias and ensure equitable treatment across diverse student cohorts, thereby addressing potential disparities often overlooked by models relying solely on academic data <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=W3sib3JpZ2luIjo1LCJ3b3JrIjp7InR5cGUiOjgsInN1YnR5cGUiOnsib25lb2ZLaW5kIjoiYXJ0aWNsZVR5cGUiLCJhcnRpY2xlVHlwZSI6MX0sImNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycyI6W3sicm9sZSI6MCwibmFtZSI6eyJnaXZlbiI6IkdvZGZyZXkgUGVyZmVjdHNvbiIsImZhbWlseSI6Ik9pc2UifX1dLCJpZHMiOnsiaXNzbiI6W10sImlzYm4iOltdLCJkb2kiOiIxMC4yMTIwMy9ycy4zLnJzLTc4OTk5ODMvdjEiLCJvcGVuYWxleCI6Ilc0NDE2MTg5Mzk1IiwiZXhhIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmVzZWFyY2hzcXVhcmUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvcnMtNzg5OTk4My92MS5wZGYifSwidGl0bGUiOiJGYWlybmVzcyBhbmQgQmlhcyBNaXRpZ2F0aW9uIGluIFN0dWRlbnQgU3VjY2VzcyBQcmVkaWN0aW9uIE1vZGVscyIsImFic3RyYWN0IjoiPHRpdGxlPkFic3RyYWN0PC90aXRsZT4gVGhlIGFkb3B0aW9uIG9mIG1hY2hpbmUgbGVhcm5pbmcgKE1MKSBhbmQgYXJ0aWZpY2lhbCBpbnRlbGxpZ2VuY2UgKEFJKSBpbiBoaWdoZXIgZWR1Y2F0aW9uIGhhcyByZXZvbHV0aW9uaXplZCBzdHVkZW50IHN1Y2Nlc3MgcHJlZGljdGlvbiBieSBlbmFibGluZyBpbnN0aXR1dGlvbnMgdG8gZm9yZWNhc3QgYWNhZGVtaWMgb3V0Y29tZXMsIGlkZW50aWZ5IGF0LXJpc2sgbGVhcm5lcnMsIGFuZCBwcm92aWRlIHRpbWVseSBpbnRlcnZlbnRpb25zLiBZZXQsIHRoZXNlIHByZWRpY3RpdmUgc3lzdGVtcyBvZnRlbiBpbmhlcml0IGhpc3RvcmljYWwgYW5kIHN0cnVjdHVyYWwgaW5lcXVpdGllcyBwcmVzZW50IGluIGVkdWNhdGlvbmFsIGRhdGEsIGxlYWRpbmcgdG8gYWxnb3JpdGhtaWMgYmlhcyBhbmQgdW5mYWlyIHRyZWF0bWVudCBvZiBtYXJnaW5hbGl6ZWQgc3R1ZGVudCBncm91cHMuIFRoaXMgc3R1ZHkgcHJvcG9zZXMgYSBmYWlybmVzcy1hd2FyZSBwcmVkaWN0aXZlIGZyYW1ld29yayB0aGF0IGludGVncmF0ZXMgYmlhcyBkZXRlY3Rpb24sIG1pdGlnYXRpb24sIGFuZCBpbnRlcnByZXRhYmlsaXR5IGludG8gYWxsIHN0YWdlcyBvZiB0aGUgbW9kZWxpbmcgcHJvY2Vzcy4gVXNpbmcgYSByZWFsLXdvcmxkIFN0dWRlbnQgUGVyZm9ybWFuY2UgJmFtcDsgQmVoYXZpb3IgRGF0YXNldCBjb250YWluaW5nIDUsMDAwIHN0dWRlbnQgcmVjb3JkcywgZml2ZSBNTCBhbGdvcml0aG1zLCBSYW5kb20gRm9yZXN0LCBHcmFkaWVudCBCb29zdGluZywgU3VwcG9ydCBWZWN0b3IgTWFjaGluZSwgSy1OZWFyZXN0IE5laWdoYm9ycywgYW5kIExvZ2lzdGljIFJlZ3Jlc3Npb24gd2VyZSBldmFsdWF0ZWQgYmFzZWQgb24gYWNjdXJhY3ksIHByZWNpc2lvbiwgcmVjYWxsLCBhbmQgRjEtc2NvcmUsIGFsb25nc2lkZSBmYWlybmVzcyBtZXRyaWNzIHRvIGFzc2VzcyBlcXVpdHkgcGVyZm9ybWFuY2UuIFRoZSBSYW5kb20gRm9yZXN0IG1vZGVsIGFjaGlldmVkIHRoZSBoaWdoZXN0IHByZWRpY3RpdmUgYWNjdXJhY3kgKDM3JSksIGJ1dCBmYWlybmVzcyBhbmFseXNpcyByZXZlYWxlZCBjbGFzcyBpbWJhbGFuY2UgYW5kIHVuZXF1YWwgZ3JvdXAgcmVwcmVzZW50YXRpb2">[8]. Indeed, the expansive and varied nature of educational big data—derived from learning management systems, student information systems, and administrative records—necessitates advanced analytical techniques to extract meaningful insights for predictive modeling <a href="https://dummy-citation.com/citation?d=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%[binary]">[9].
big data analytics, management systems, predictive modeling, data preprocessing, recommendation engine.
EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF CHATGPT-ASSISTED PRACTICE ON VOCABULARY ACQUISITION AMONG EMI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
The use of artificial intelligence tools in vocabulary learning has gained significant attention recently, with ChatGPT emerging as a potentially game-changing resource for language education. Despite the growing interest, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of ChatGPT-assisted vocabulary practice in English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) settings. This study investigates the impact of ChatGPT-assisted vocabulary practice on EMI students' vocabulary development. Over four weeks, a quasi-experimental design compared this new method with traditional vocabulary learning strategies. Sixty EMI students from History, Philosophy, and Pedagogy programs at Fergana State University took part in the research. Pre- and post-vocabulary tests assessed lexical acquisition. Significant improvement is anticipated in the group using ChatGPT-assisted practice compared to the control group. The findings aim to enhance EMI pedagogy and provide insights into effective AI use in academic vocabulary teaching.
ChatGPT; vocabulary acquisition; EMI students; AI-assisted learning; applied linguistics
MUSBAT BOG‘LIQ TASODIFIY MIQDORLAR SINFI UCHUN LIMIT TEOREMALARI
mazkur maqolada musbat bog‘liq tasodifiy miqdorlar sinfi va ular uchun limit teoremalari o‘rganilgan. Xususan, assotsiatsiyalangan tasodifiy miqdorlar tushunchasi kiritilib, ular uchun katta sonlar qonuni hamda markaziy limit teoremasining umumlashmalari keltirilgan. Kovariatsion tuzilmaning limit natijalarga ta‘siri tahlil qilingan. Olingan natijalar bog‘liq tasodifiy jarayonlarni o‘rganishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.
musbat bog‘liqlik, assotsiatsiya, kovariatsiya, katta sonlar qonuni, markaziy limit teoremasi, ehtimollar nazariyasi.
TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF AI TOOLS IN UNIVERSITY EFL CLASSROOMS: A CROSS-FACULTY STUDY AT FERGANA STATE UNIVERSITY
This mixed-methods study investigates teachers' perceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction across three faculties at Fergana State University in Uzbekistan. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and contemporary literature on AI in education, the research examines how 67 EFL teachers from the Economy, Science, and English Language and Literature faculties perceive the usefulness, challenges, and integration potential of AI tools such as ChatGPT, Grammarly, and QuillBot. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire (n=67) and semi-structured interviews (n=15). Findings reveal that while teachers across all faculties acknowledge AI tools' utility for lesson preparation and feedback generation, significant concerns persist regarding academic integrity, student dependency, and assessment validity. Notably, faculty-specific differences emerged: Economy faculty teachers view AI pragmatically as a professional communication aid, Science faculty teachers express cautious optimism about simplifying technical texts, and English Language and Literature faculty teachers demonstrate heightened concerns about preserving authorial voice and critical thinking. The study contributes to understanding AI integration in non-Western higher education contexts and offers practical recommendations for faculty-specific professional development, institutional policy frameworks, and pedagogical adaptation in AI-rich environments.
artificial intelligence, EFL teaching, teacher perceptions, technology acceptance, higher education, Central Asia
The translation of historical texts presents unique challenges, especially when conveying the cultural, historical and linguistic features of the original work. This article examines the translation methods used in the translation of Baburnama, the memoirs of Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, focusing on literal translation, dynamic equivalence and cultural substitution. By analyzing different translation strategies, the article highlights how these methods affect the accuracy, readability and cultural authenticity of historical texts. Through the case study of Baburnama, this research underscores the importance of balancing linguistic precision and accessibility to ensure the original context and essence are preserved for modern audiences.
translation, literal translation, Baburnama, Thackston Wheeler, Substitution